СОДЕРЖАНИЕ  ↑

Contents..................................................................................................... 11
Note on Errata............................................................................................... 16
Prefaces..................................................................................................... 17
    Preface to 5th Edition, 1993............................................................................. 17
    Preface to 4th Edition 1958.............................................................................. 27
    Bibliographical Note 1958................................................................................ 33
    Preface to 3rd Edition 1948.............................................................................. 35
    Introduction to 2nd Edition 1941......................................................................... 40
        A. Recent developments and the founding of the Institute of General Semantics........................ 40
        B. Some difficulties to be surmounted................................................................ 42
            1. The attitudes of 'philosophers', etc.......................................................... 42
            2. Perplexities in theories of 'meaning'......................................................... 45
            3. Inadequacy of forms of representation and their structural revision........................... 48
            4. Identifications and mis-evalutations.......................................................... 49
            5. Methods of the magician....................................................................... 51
        C. Revolutions and evolutions........................................................................ 51
        D. A non-aristotelian revision....................................................................... 55
        E. New factors: the havoc they play with our generalizations......................................... 58
        F. Non-aristotelian methods.......................................................................... 60
            1. Neurological mechanisms of extensionalization................................................. 60
            2. Neuro-semantic relaxation..................................................................... 62
            3. Extensional devices and some applications..................................................... 63
            4. Implications of the structure of language..................................................... 65
        G. Over/Under defined terms.......................................................................... 67
        H. The passing of the old aristotelian epoch......................................................... 72
            1. 'Maginot like mentalities'.................................................................... 72
            2. Wars of and on nerves......................................................................... 74
            3. Hitler and psycho-logical factors in his life................................................. 76
            4. Education for intelligence and democracy...................................................... 78
        Conclusion........................................................................................... 83
    Acknowledgements......................................................................................... 85
    Supplementary Bibliography to 2nd Edition................................................................ 86
    Preface to 1st Edition 1933.............................................................................. 91
    Acknowledgement..........................................................................................103
    Untitled.................................................................................................105

Book I - A General Survey of Non-Aristotelian Factors........................................................105
    Part I - Preliminaries...................................................................................109
        1. Aims, means and consequences of a non-aristotelian revision.......................................111
        2. Terminology and meanings..........................................................................123
            A. On semantic reactions.........................................................................123
            B. On the un-speakable objective level...........................................................138
            C. On 'copying' in our nervous reactions.........................................................140
        3. Introduction......................................................................................142
    Part II - General on structure...........................................................................157
        4. On structure......................................................................................158
        5. General linguistic................................................................................169
        6. On symbolism......................................................................................179
        7. Linguistic revision...............................................................................188
    Part III - Non-elementalistic structures.................................................................202
        8. General epistemological...........................................................................203
        9. Colloidal behaviour...............................................................................213
        10. The 'organism-as-a-whole'........................................................................225
            A. Illustrations from biology....................................................................225
            B. Illustrations from nutrition experiments......................................................228
            C. Illustrations from 'mental' and nervous diseases..............................................230

Part IV - Structural factors in non-aristotelian languages...............................................233
        11. On function......................................................................................234
        12. On order.........................................................................................252
            A. Undefined terms...............................................................................253
            B. Order and the nervous system..................................................................258
            C. Structure, realtions, and multi-dimensional order.............................................262
            D. Order and the problems of extension and intension.............................................272
            E. Concluding remarks on order...................................................................283
        13. On relations.....................................................................................289
        14. On the notion of infinity........................................................................305
        15. The 'infinitesimal' and 'cause and effect'.......................................................315
        16. On the existence of relations....................................................................321
        17. On the notions of 'matter', 'space', 'time'......................................................324
            A. Structural considerations.....................................................................325
            B. The neurological function of abstracting......................................................336
            C. Problems of adjustment........................................................................340
            D. Semantic considerations.......................................................................342
    Part V - On the non-aristotelian language called mathematics.............................................346
        18. Mathematics as a language of a structure simialr to the structure of the world...................347
        19. Mathematics as a language of a structure similar to the structure of the human nervous system....368
            A. Introductory..................................................................................368
            B. General.......................................................................................375
            C. The psycho-logical importance of the theory of aggregates and the theory of groups............380
            D. Similarity in structure of mathematics and of our nervous system..............................387
    Part VI - On the foundation of psychophysiology..........................................................412
        20. General considerations...........................................................................413
        21. On conditional reflexes..........................................................................424
        22. On 'inhibition'..................................................................................439
        23. On conditional reactions of higher orders and psychiatry.........................................456

Book II - A General Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems And General Semantics...........................464
    Part VII - On the mechanism of time-binding..............................................................466
        24. On abstracting...................................................................................467
        25. On the structural differential...................................................................482
        26. On 'consciouness' and consciousness of abstracting...............................................508
        27. Higher order abstractions........................................................................522
            A. General.......................................................................................522
            B. Multiordinal terms............................................................................529
            C. Confusion of higher orders of abstraction.....................................................539
        28. On the mechanism of identification and visualization.............................................548
        29. On non-aristotelian training.....................................................................565
        30. Identification, infantilism, and un-snaity versus sanity.........................................587
            A. General.......................................................................................587
            B. Consciousness of abstracting..................................................................595
            C. Infantilism...................................................................................604
            D. Constructive suggestions......................................................................622
        31. Concluding remarks...............................................................................633

Book III - Additional Structural Data About Languages And The Empirical World................................658
    Prefatory Remarks........................................................................................659
    Part VIII -  On the structure of mathematics.............................................................664
        32. On the semantics of the differential calculus....................................................665
            A. Introductory..................................................................................665
            B. On the differential calculus..................................................................666
                1. General considerations....................................................................666
                2. Maxima and minima.........................................................................680
                3. Curvature.................................................................................682
                4. Velocity..................................................................................683
            C. On the integral calculus......................................................................684
            D. Further applications..........................................................................686
                1. Partial differentiation...................................................................686
                2. Differential equations....................................................................687
                3. Methods of approximation..................................................................688
                4. Periodic functions and waves..............................................................689
        33. On linearity.....................................................................................695
        34. On geometry......................................................................................707
            A. Introductory..................................................................................707
            B. On the notion of the 'internal theory of surfaces'............................................713
            C. Space-Time....................................................................................718
            D. The application of geometrical notions to cerebral localization...............................722

Part IX - On the similarity of empirical and verbal structures...........................................726
        35. Action by contact................................................................................727
        36. On the semantics of the Einstein theory..........................................................738
        37. On the notion of 'simultaneity'..................................................................749
        38. On the 'world' of Minkowski......................................................................755
        39. General reflections on the Einstein theory.......................................................763
    Part X - On the structure of 'matter'....................................................................772
        40. The older 'matter'...............................................................................773
        41. The newer 'matter'...............................................................................786
            A. Introductory..................................................................................788
            B. The nature of the problem.....................................................................790
            C. Matrices......................................................................................793
            D. The operator calculus.........................................................................799
            E. The new quantum mechanics.....................................................................802
            F. The wave mechanism............................................................................808
            G. Structural aspects of the new theories........................................................812
Supplement I - The Logic of Relativity.......................................................................817
Supplement II - The Theory of Types..........................................................................825
Supplement III - A Non-Aristotelian System And Its Necessity For Rigour In Mathematics And Physics...........835
Notes And References.........................................................................................850
Bibliography.................................................................................................853
Catalog......................................................................................................868
Index........................................................................................................876